SDV Insights

Determining the scope of discovery can be challenging, particularly when an insurance bad faith claim is involved. Courts often face the difficult decision of weighing the importance of preserving attorney-client privilege with the public policy rationale of protecting an insured against their insurer’s bad faith behavior. The Supreme Court of South Carolina recently recognized this dilemma by rejecting a hardline approach to bad faith discovery disputes and adopting a case-by-case analysis.

The case, In re Mt. Hawley Ins. Co.,¹ arose out of a construction defect claim. ContraVest Construction Company (“ContraVest”) constructed a development in South Carolina and was later sued for alleged defective construction. ContraVest sought coverage for the lawsuit from its insurers, including Mount Hawley Insurance Company (“Mount Hawley”), which had provided excess commercial liability insurance to ContraVest during the relevant timeframe. Mount Hawley denied the claim, which prompted ContraVest to sue it for bad faith, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment.

As part of its bad faith claim, ContraVest sought to discover the reasons for Mount Hawley’s denial of the claim. ContraVest requested Mount Hawley’s file not only for this claim, but also for all of ContraVest’s other claims under the relevant policies. Mount Hawley claimed attorney-client privilege and produced redacted versions of the files
accompanied by privilege logs. ContraVest moved to compel full production, and the magistrate judge granted the motion and ordered Mount Hawley to produce the full files for in camera review, on the basis that Mount Hawley put the files “at issue” by denying any liability for bad faith. Under South Carolina law, a defendant who injects an issue into a case waives the attorney-client privilege on that issue. Here, the trial court found that ContraVest had established a prima facie case of bad faith for failure to insure, and by denying bad faith liability in its answer, Mount Hawley waived its right to claim attorney-client privilege as to any relevant communications in its internal files.

A certified question was posed to the Supreme Court of South Carolina to determine the appropriate scope of the attorney-client privilege in bad faith cases. Like many states, South Carolina permits insureds to recover consequential damages for an insurer’s refusal to pay benefits or for failing to properly process a claim, which equates to a common-law tort if the denial is made unreasonably and in bad faith. Punitive damages may also be recovered if the insured can demonstrate that the insurer’s actions were willful or in reckless disregard of the insured’s rights. Thus, in cases where the insurer’s bad faith is at issue, courts must balance the preservation the attorney-client privilege with the importance of holding insurers accountable for their bad acts.

The court began its analysis by recognizing three different approaches to this balancing act. First, a minority of jurisdictions apply a broad crime-fraud exception, finding that attorney-client privilege does not apply to communications in furtherance of any crime, fraud, or tort, including the tort of bad faith. These jurisdictions typically find that an insurer’s entire pre-denial claim file is discoverable. Second, at the other end of the spectrum, some jurisdictions strictly enforce the attorney-client privilege absent a direct, express reliance on a privileged communication. Third, the middle-ground approach, requires a case-by-case analysis of the facts to determine whether privilege applies.

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